建盏 Jian Zhan (Jian Ware)

建盏 Jian Zhan (Jian Ware)

 建盏是中国传统黑釉瓷器的杰出代表，起源于宋代（960-1279年），以福建省南平市建阳区为主要产地。其制作技艺于2011年被列入国家级非物质文化遗产名录，体现了宋代点茶文化与瓷艺的完美结合。

Jian Zhan is an iconic masterpiece of traditional Chinese black-glazed porcelain, originating from the Song Dynasty (960-1279) with its primary production center in Jianyang District, Nanping City, Fujian Province. Its craftsmanship was inscribed into China’s National Intangible Cultural Heritage List in 2011, embodying the perfect fusion of Song-era whisked tea culture and ceramic artistry.

核心特点与工艺 Core Features & Craftsmanship

形制与功能 Form & Function

建盏多为口大底小的漏斗形，胎体厚重且含铁量高，具有良好的保温性和软化水质的作用。其设计适应宋代点茶需求：深色釉面可衬托茶沫色泽，厚胎利于长时间保持茶汤温度。

Jian Zhan typically features a funnel-shaped body with a wide mouth and narrow base. Its thick, iron-rich clay body enhances heat retention and softens water quality. The design catered to Song Dynasty tea rituals: the dark glaze highlighted the foam’s color, while the thick walls maintained optimal tea temperature.

釉色与窑变 Glaze & Kiln Transformation

建盏以铁系结晶釉为特色，釉色随窑内气氛与温度变化呈现青黑、兔毫、油滴、曜变等纹理。

Jian Zhan is renowned for its iron-based crystalline glazes, which develop unique patterns like "Hare’s Fur" (Tumo), "Oil Spot" (Youti), and "Yohen" (Asterism) depending on kiln conditions.

兔毫盏 Hare’s Fur：釉面密布细长条状纹路，宋徽宗赞其“玉毫条达者为上”。

Characterized by fine, streaked patterns resembling hare fur, it was praised by Emperor Huizong as “the finest with jade-like streaks.”

曜变盏 Yohen Tenmoku：因窑变形成七彩光晕，存世稀少，现存三件完整器藏于日本，被视为国宝。

Known for rainbow-like iridescence caused by natural kiln effects, only three intact Yohen pieces survive today, all preserved in Japan and designated as National Treasures.

制作工艺 Techniques

建盏烧制需经13道复杂工序，包括选矿、淘洗、拉坯、焙烧等。釉料配方与烧成技术（如还原焰控制）直接影响釉色，成品率极低。

Firing Jian Zhan involves 13 intricate steps: mineral selection, clay purification, wheel-throwing, and kiln firing. Glaze recipes and firing techniques (e.g., reduction flame control) critically affect patterns, with a notoriously low success rate relying on the artisan’s mastery.

历史与文化影响 History & Cultural Legacy

宋茶文化载体 Song Tea Culture：建盏因点茶法盛行成为主流茶器，文人雅士与皇室均推崇备至。

As the primary vessel for whisked tea ceremonies, Jian Zhan was revered by scholars and royalty alike.

海外传播 Global Influence：南宋时期通过海上丝绸之路传至日本，被称为“天目瓷”，深刻影响日本茶道。

During the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279), it spread to Japan via the Maritime Silk Road, named Tenmoku and became central to Japanese tea ceremonies.

工艺复兴 Revival：20世纪70年代起，福建通过数万次试验恢复传统釉色，并重现曜变技艺。

Since the 1970s, Fujian artisans have revived ancient glazes through tens of thousands of trials, even recreating the elusive Yohen technique.

现代价值 Modern Significance

实用与审美 Utility & Aesthetics：兼具保温性、水质改良功能及釉色美学，常用于冲泡岩茶、普洱等茶类。

Valued for heat retention, water-softening properties, and glaze artistry, it is ideal for brewing teas like oolong and pu-erh.

文化符号 Cultural Icon：承载宋代极简美学与工匠精神，成为东方茶道文化的重要象征。

A symbol of Song minimalist aesthetics and craftsmanship, it remains an enduring emblem of Eastern tea culture.