Oil paper umbrella /油纸伞

一、总体概况 / General Overview

油纸伞是中国传统手工制伞技艺的活态延续，以竹为骨、纸（或绸）为面，经浸油工艺增强防水性，形成兼具实用与艺术价值的独特器物。其历史可追溯至东汉造纸术后，唐宋时期成为民间日常用具，明清时期因地域分化形成多元工艺流派。
核心特征：

工艺复杂：需经选竹、制骨、裱纸、绘画、浸油等数十至上百道工序，全手工完成；
文化寓意：伞面圆形象征圆满，竹骨寓意坚韧，“油纸”谐音“有子”，常用于婚嫁、祈福等民俗场景；
现代价值：作为农耕文明审美载体，承载二十八星宿天文意象、婚俗信仰等多重文化符号。

The oil-paper umbrella is a living heritage of traditional Chinese craftsmanship, made with bamboo frames and oil-coated paper (or silk) surfaces. Its history dates back to the invention of paper in the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220 CE). By the Tang and Song Dynasties, it became a daily necessity, evolving into distinct regional styles during the Ming and Qing periods.
Key Features:

Complex Craftsmanship: Requires dozens to over a hundred manual steps, including bamboo selection, frame assembly, paper mounting, painting, and oil-coating.
Cultural Symbolism: The circular shape represents wholeness; bamboo embodies resilience. The pronunciation of "oil-paper" (油纸, youzhi) homophones "having offspring" (有子, youzi), making it essential in weddings and rituals.
Modern Significance: Embodies agricultural civilization aesthetics and cultural symbols like the 28 Lunar Mansions astrology.
二、代表性地区 / Representative Regional Styles
1. 四川泸州·分水油纸伞 / Fenshui Oil-Paper Umbrella (Luzhou, Sichuan)
工艺特色：保留96道古法工序，伞骨选用深山楠竹，伞面以皮纸涂刷桐油并采用石印彩绘技法。
文化标签：被誉为“中国民间伞艺活化石”，伞面常绘山水、花鸟或京剧脸谱。

Craftsmanship: Preserves 96 ancient steps, using nanmu bamboo from deep mountains. The surface combines bark paper, tung oil, and stone-printing techniques with motifs like landscapes or Peking Opera masks.
Cultural Identity: Known as the "Living Fossil of Chinese Folk Umbrella Art," deeply tied to Sichuan wedding customs.

2. 江西婺源·甲路纸伞 / Jialu Paper Umbrella (Wuyuan, Jiangxi)
工艺特色：以野生桑皮纸为面，72道工序制成，伞面常题写诗词或绘制山水。
历史地位：南宋时期随徽商贸易兴盛，清代获“甲路伞，甲天下”美誉。

Craftsmanship: Made with wild mulberry bark paper through 72 steps, adorned with calligraphy or ink paintings.
Historical Status: Flourished through Huizhou merchants' trade networks, praised as "Jialu Umbrellas, Supreme Under Heaven" in the Qing Dynasty.

3. 浙江余杭油纸伞 / Yuhang Oil-Paper Umbrella (Zhejiang)
工艺特色：伞面以柿漆防水，开发渔船伞、文明伞等十余品种。
文化特色：展现江南水乡生活美学，第三代传承人推动活态传承。

Craftsmanship: Uses persimmon tannin for waterproofing, with designs like "fishing boat umbrellas" reflecting Jiangnan watertown aesthetics.

4. 湖南湘潭·石鼓油纸伞 / Shigu Oil-Paper Umbrella (Xiangtan, Hunan)
工艺创新：伞骨二十八根对应二十八星宿意象，祭祀中象征连接天地。
文化特色：伞面可定制国画山水，保留古法桐油涂刷技艺。

Cultural Symbolism: 28 bamboo ribs symbolize the 28 Lunar Mansions, used in rituals to connect heaven and earth.

三、工艺对比 / Craftsmanship Comparison
地区 / Region             核心工艺差异 / Key Techniques       文化功能 / Cultural Role
四川泸州 / Sichuan    石印彩绘+96道穿线工艺         婚俗信仰载体 / Wedding rituals
江西婺源 / Jiangxi      桑皮纸+文人书画                  徽商文化媒介 / Merchant culture
浙江余杭 / Zhejiang    柿漆防水+多品种开发               水乡美学 / Watertown aesthetics