Nanjing Folding Fans－金陵折扇

金陵折扇总体概况 / General Overview of Nanjing Folding Fans

金陵折扇为中国四大名扇之首，发源于南京，是以竹木为骨、纸绢为面的折叠扇，兼具实用与艺术价值。其历史可追溯至宋代，明成祖朱棣因喜爱其便携性，诏令工匠改良推广，由此“自内传出，遂遍天下”。明清时期，南京通济门外的“扇骨营”成为全国制扇中心，文人雅士常于扇面题诗作画，使其成为江南科举文化的符号载体。2009年被列入《江苏省非物质文化遗产名录》。
核心特征：

工艺精妙：需经选料、制骨、打磨、制面等数十道工序，竹制扇骨经“白晒夜露”处理达“白如玉，光如镜”质感；
文人雅韵：扇骨雕刻“如意头”“螳螂腿”等纹样，扇面集诗书画于一体，堪称“移动的书房”；
材质多元：除竹骨外，亦用红木、檀香木、象牙等名贵材料，展现等级与审美差异。

The Nanjing folding fan, crowned as one of China's "Four Great Fans," originated in Nanjing. Crafted with bamboo/wooden frames and paper/silk surfaces, it combines practicality with artistic elegance. Its history traces back to the Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE). Emperor Yongle of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) ordered artisans to refine its design for portability, leading to nationwide popularity. During the Ming-Qing periods, the "Fan Frame Camp" outside Nanjing's Tongji Gate became China's fan-making hub, where scholars painted poetry and art on fan surfaces, symbolizing Jiangnan's imperial examination culture. It was listed as a Jiangsu Provincial Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2009.
Key Features:

Exquisite Craftsmanship: Requires dozens of steps including material selection, frame carving, and surface mounting. Bamboo frames undergo "daylight drying and night dew exposure" to achieve a jade-like texture.
Scholarly Aesthetics: Carved patterns like "Ruyi Head" (auspicious cloud) and "Mantis Leg" adorn the frames, while surfaces integrate poetry, calligraphy, and painting – akin to a "portable study."
Luxury Materials: Uses rosewood, sandalwood, and ivory to reflect social status and artistic taste.
工艺分类与代表作 / Craftsmanship Categories and Masterpieces
一、按扇骨材质分类 / By Frame Material
类型 / Type    特征 / Characteristics    代表作 / Masterpieces
水磨玉骨
Polished Jade Bamboo    选6-8年朝阳楠竹，经43道工序打磨如玉
Uses 6-8-year-old sun-exposed nanmu bamboo, polished through 43 steps    金陵雅扇系列
Nanjing Elegance Series
红木折扇
Rosewood Fan    以乌木、酸枝等为骨，雕刻“琴式”“瓶式”纹样
Carved ebony or mahogany frames with motifs like "qin zither" or "vase"    宫廷仿古款
Imperial Antique Style
湘妃竹扇
Xiangfei Bamboo Fan    天然斑竹纹理如泪痕，仅取竹中段制作
Made from rare mottled bamboo midsections with tear-like patterns    《湘云映月》典藏款
Moonlit Xiangyun Collection
二、按扇头造型分类 / By Frame Top Design

螳螂腿式
Mantis Leg Style

扇骨上宽下窄形如螳螂后腿
Wider top tapering sharply like a mantis's hind leg
多配山水泼墨扇面
Paired with ink-wash landscape paintings

金鱼头式
Goldfish Head Style

扇头圆润似金鱼
Rounded tip resembling a goldfish
适用绢面宫扇
Used for silk palace fans for women

玉兰头式
Magnolia Bud Style

仿玉兰花苞造型
Carved like magnolia flower buds
文人雅士偏爱
Favored by scholars
非遗传承现状 / ICH Heritage Status

核心机构
Key Institutions:

南京金陵折扇工艺研究所：复原明代“李昭竹骨”技艺
Nanjing Folding Fan Institute: Revived Ming-era "Li Zhao Bamboo Frame" techniques.
王克礼工作室：将《富春山居图》微缩镌刻于扇骨
Wang Keli Studio: Engraves miniature Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains on frames.

技艺挑战
Challenges:

制骨“刀边”工序全凭手感
Edge-carving requires decade-long craftsmanship mastery.
野生斑竹资源稀缺
Wild mottled bamboo yields less than 100 fans annually.
文化符号解析 / Cultural Symbolism
元素 / Element    象征意义 / Meaning    应用场景 / Context
折叠开合
Folding Mechanism    隐喻人世聚合离散
Metaphor for life's reunions and partings    文人赠别
Scholar farewells
空白扇面
Blank Surface    待执笔者抒怀明志
Invites personal expression    科举雅集
Imperial exam gatherings