道教十大门派 Ten Major Schools of Daoism

道教是中国的传统宗教，对中华文化影响力巨大。在几千年的历史中，道教历经演变和分化，形成了多个流派。这些门派相互影响，共同构成了道教多元的文化体系，每个门派都有其独特的教义、仪式和修行方法。  
Daoism, a traditional Chinese religion, has profoundly shaped Chinese culture. Over millennia, it evolved and branched into multiple schools. These sects influenced one another, forming a diverse Daoist cultural system, each with distinct doctrines, rituals, and cultivation methods.

1. 正一派 (Zhèngyī Pài)
   **Zhengyi School (Orthodox Unity School / Way of the Celestial Masters)**  
   - 由汉末张道陵创立，前身为五斗米道。以符箓斋醮、降神驱魔为主要宗教活动，强调血缘世袭（天师职位父子相传）和符箓法术。  
   - Founded by Zhang Daoling in the late Han Dynasty, evolving from the *Five Pecks of Rice* tradition. Focuses on **talismans (符箓), rituals (斋醮), spirit communication, and exorcism**. Emphasizes **hereditary succession** (Celestial Master title passed patrilineally) and mystical talismanic practices.

2. 全真派 (Quánzhēn Pài)
**Quanzhen School (Complete Perfection School)**  
- 由北宋王重阳创立。主张儒释道三教合一，强调清修（出家、不婚、住观）、内丹修炼和性命双修（身心兼修），不尚符箓。  
- Founded by Wang Chongyang in the Northern Song Dynasty. Advocates **unity of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism**. Emphasizes **asceticism** (monasticism, celibacy, temple-dwelling), **internal alchemy (内丹)**, and **dual cultivation of nature (性) and life (命)**. Rejects reliance on talismans.

3. 上清派 (Shàngqīng Pài)
**Shangqing School (Highest Clarity School)**  
- 东晋由杨羲创立，又称茅山派。注重精、气、神的内修，通过存思（冥想观想）通神，不重符箓、斋醮与外丹。  
- Established by Yang Xi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, also known as **Maoshan School**. Focuses on **internal cultivation** of *jing* (essence), *qi* (vitality), and *shen* (spirit) through **visualization meditation (存思)** to commune with deities. De-emphasizes talismans, rituals, and external alchemy.

4. 灵宝派 (Língbǎo Pài) 
**Lingbao School (Numinous Treasure School)**  
- 东晋葛巢甫创立，奉葛玄为祖。核心经典为《灵宝五符经》《灵宝度人经》，主张“仙道贵生，无量度人”（重视生命，普度众生）。  
- Founded by Ge Chaofu (honoring Ge Xuan as patriarch) in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Core texts include *Scripture of the Five Talismans* and *Scripture of Salvation*. Doctrine: **“Immortal Dao values life; save beings without limit”** (emphasizes universal salvation).

5. 楼观派 (Lóuguān Pài)
**Louguan School (Tower Observation School)**  
- 位于陕西终南山，因尹喜在此结草楼观星迎老子得名，又称文始派。奉《道德经》，重清修与哲学思辨。  
- Based in Zhongnan Mountains (Shaanxi). Named after **Yin Xi** who built a hermitage to observe stars and welcome Laozi. Also called *Wenshi School*. Reveres the *Daodejing*, emphasizing **asceticism and philosophical inquiry**.

6. 清微派 (Qīngwēi Pài) 
**Qingwei School (Pure Subtlety School)**  
- 南宋创立。融合内丹与雷法（召雷祈雨/驱邪），通过“存神变神”修炼召唤神灵、驾驭自然之力。  
- Emerged in the Southern Song Dynasty. Combines **internal alchemy** with **thunder rituals (雷法)** (summoning storms/exorcising evil). Practices **“spirit visualization and transformation” (存神变神)** to invoke deities and command natural forces.

7. 净明派 (Jìngmíng Pài)
**Jingming School (Pure Brightness School)**  
- 主张“忠孝为本，内炼成丹，外炼成器”。强调心性修炼（忠孝伦理），对宋明理学有影响。  
- Doctrine: **“Loyalty and filial piety as foundation; internal alchemy refines the self; external practice refines virtue.”** Focuses on **ethical cultivation** (loyalty/filial piety), influencing Neo-Confucianism.

8. 天心派 (Tiānxīn Pài)
**Tianxin School (Celestial Heart School)**  
- 以“天心”为核心，专精符箓法术与神通（如步罡踏斗、召将驱邪），融合正一与上清传统。  
- Centers on **“Celestial Heart” (天心)** cosmology. Masters **talismanic magic and supernatural arts** (e.g., ritual pacing on stars, summoning generals). Blends Zhengyi and Shangqing traditions.

9. 崂山派 (Láoshān Pài) 
**Laoshan School (Mount Lao School)**  
- 由全真龙门派孙玄清（紫阳真人）创立。融合全真内丹与正一符箓，以驱鬼捉妖著称，盛行于山东。  
- Founded by **Sun Xuanqing** (Quanzhen Longmen lineage). Combines **Quanzhen internal alchemy** with **Zhengyi talismanic magic**. Known for **exorcism legends**, prevalent in Shandong.

10. 遇仙派 (Yùxiān Pài)
**Yuxian School (Encountering Immortals School)**  
- 全真七子之一马钰（丹阳真人）创立。继承王重阳“性命双修”理论，以清静无为为修炼核心。  
- Established by **Ma Yu** (Disciple of Wang Chongyang). Inherits **Quanzhen’s dual cultivation doctrine**, prioritizing **tranquility and non-action (清静无为)**.